Ganghwa, Incheon Metropolitan City, Seoul Capital Area, South Korea

🇰🇷 Ganghwa Island, also known by its native name Ganghwado, is a South Korean island in the estuary of the Han River. It is in the Yellow Sea, off Korea's west coast. The island is separated from Gimpo by a narrow channel spanned by two bridges, and from Kaesong in North Korea by the main channel of the Han River. North Korea can be seen on clear days from less than two km away on South Korea's Ganghwa Island allowing better views of North Korean villages that from elsewhere in South Korea.

It is strategically located, controlling access to the river which runs through former Joseon and the present South Korean capital Seoul. Its fortifications were repeatedly attacked during the 19th century. It constitutes most of Ganghwa County (a division of Incheon). Half of the island's population live in Ganghwa Town (Ganghwa-eup) in the north-east.

Geography The island is in the estuary of Korea's Han River. It is 302.4 km² (116.8 sq mi), 28 km (17 mi) long and 22 km (14 mi) wide, the fourth-largest island in South Korea. The island's highest point is Mani-san (469 m or 1,539 ft above sea level).

History With the primary fortifications protecting the Joseon capital of Seoul from foreign invasion, Ganghwa Island was the site of several 19th-century punitive expeditions. The mass execution of Catholic French missionaries and Korean converts under the ministry of the Heungseon Daewongun in the mid-1860s led to a French invasion in 1866 which held the island for several weeks, although the inability of Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze to sail up the shallow, uncharted Han River and attack its fortified monasteries prevented overland incursion. In 1871, a Korean assault on an American diplomatic mission led to the Battle of Ganghwa. Rear Admiral Rodgers took five forts on the island, but withdrew after the Koreans refused to negotiate. After an 1868 diplomatic incident related to Korea's refusal to recognize the imperial status of the emperor of Japan, the forts at Ganghwa fired on a Japanese boat from the surveying gunship Un'yō in 1875. During the Japanese Battle of Ganghwa, Un'yō captain Inoue Yoshika silenced the batteries with superior firepower and landed a raiding force which plundered local communities. The Imperial Japanese Navy blockaded the area and compelled the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa, which opened Korea to Japanese commerce.

1871 invasion by U.S. warships In 1866, the General Sherman arrived at Pyongyang via the Daedong River. A Welsh pastor, Thomas, was a crewman traveling for missionary work to Joseon. Pyongyang governor Park Gyu-su, Park Ji-won's grandson, informed the crew about his refusal to allow trade and advised them to go back. Disputes worsened among the crew; after they kidnapped a Joseon official and held him hostage, Korean authorities sank the boat and killed the surviving crew.

In 1871, during the Joseon expedition, the U.S. decided to open a port. It ordered the Joseon expedition to Asia, led by Fleet Commander Rogers. On June 1, The U.S. led sounding navigation of the Ganghwa Strait. When the fleet arrived in Sondolmok, it was attacked from the coastline by a Ganghwa artillery unit.

The American fleet seized the Chojijin Fort with naval gunfire. The American army took over Deokjjinjin Fort on June 11, and began the Gwangseongbo operation. After an hour of land and sea shelling, the American army captured Gwangseongbo. Three Americans were killed, and 10 wounded. Three hundred fifty Koreans were killed, and 20 wounded.

Therapeutic turnip The island's turnip (Brassica rapa) has been cultivated for over a thousand years. Its moisture content is over 90 percent, and its main component is carbohydrate. The dark-purple, taproot vegetable has a mustardy scent and tastes like ginseng. The turnip's seeds and fully-grown vegetable are used in folk remedies and Oriental medicine. Its leaves have vitamins, and its roots contain tryptophan and glycyrrhizin. Said to have anticancer activity, the turnip helps cure skin diseases, digestive ailments, tuberculosis and respiratory disease with an anti-bacterial effect.

Festivals Goryeo Azalea Festival: Mid-April at Dolmen Square on Goryeo Mountain • Ganghwa Salted Shrimp Festival: Early October at Oepo-ri dock • Ganghwa Foundation Day Grand Festival: October 1–3 in Chamseongdan on Manisan

Tourist attractions Ganghwa Nadeulgil A 20-trail walking tour, illustrating history from prehistory to the Joseon dynasty the mudflat ecology and avian migratory habitats

Seongmodo A level 10-mile (16 km) trail through a forest and the island's only beach, ending at a temple

Pungmul Market A food market selling grain, vegetables, fruits, seafood, meat, fish, tofu and ginseng

Goryeogung Palace Palace site of Goryeo from 1232 to 1270 in Incheon. Popular with hikers and for its cherry blossoms in spring

Manisan Ganghwa's highest mountain and home of Chamseongdan Altar, where Dangun Wanggeom reportedly performed ancestral rites.

Administrative divisions • Ganghwa-eup (강화읍) • Seonwon-myeon (선원면) • Bureun-myeon (불은면) • Gilsang-myeon (길상면) • Hwado-myeon (화도면) • Yangdo-myeon (양도면) • Naega-myeon (내가면) • Hajeom-myeon (하점면) • Yangsa-myeon (양사면) • Songhae-myeon (송해면) • Gyodong-myeon (교동면) • Samsan-myeon (삼산면) • Seodo-myeon (서도면).