Shiyan, Hubei Province, China

🇨🇳 Shiyan is a prefecture-level city in north-western Hubei province, China, bordering Henan to the north-east, Chongqing to the south-west, and Shaanxi to the north and west. The built-up area is made of 2 urban districts of Maojian and Zhangwan as Yunyang is not conurbated. In 2007, the city was named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.

History Shiyan was first mentioned by its current name in 1484. After the establishment of the PRC, Shiyan was part of Yun County (nowadays Yunyang District).

Shiyan was developed as part of the Third Front construction. During the 1960s, Mao Zedong and other government officials, fearing upheaval and invasion, sought to establish industry in more remote locations. Shiyan, located in a portion of north-west Hubei then known for its poverty, was then a small village comprising a few hundred households. In 1967, teams of workers and engineers were first sent to Shiyan to survey sites for automotive plants and factories (Second Automobile Works, predecessor of Dongfeng Motor Corporation). In 1969, Shiyan City was established. By order of Mao in 1969, truck production in Shiyan commenced. Approximately 25,000 construction workers were sent to Shiyan during this time to equip the city with the infrastructure necessary for such project.

In subsequent decades, the city experienced great economic growth due to these facilities, which employed nearly 200,000 workers. From the 1980s to the 1990s, Shiyan many small enterprises founded by former employees of the Second Automobile Works emerged. By the early 1990s, Shiyan was increasingly bypassed for new automotive ventures, which were increasingly located in larger cities with better transport links, although it remained the most prosperous city of Hubei. In 2003, Dongfeng Motors relocated its main passenger car plant to Wuhan, resulting in population decline within Shiyan.

Geography The Wudang Mountains run east-west through Shiyan. The peak commonly referred to as "Wudang Mountain", or in Mandarin Wudangshan, is one of the most important cultural centres of the Taoist faith. The surrounding areas are dotted with up to 200 Taoist monastic temples and religious sites. The main attraction in this area, and also one of the most sacred Taoist sites, which forms an important stop for mainly Chinese tourists bound there, with up to twenty bus loads of visitors per day at peak times is Wudangshan Jiedao of the Danjiangkou county-level city.

Major rivers in Shiyan include the Du River and the Han River.

Shiyan's total area is subject to major change as part of the South to North water diversion project of the Han River. Certain areas will see an increase of up to 5 metres (16 ft) in water level to create a new reservoir to serve Beijing and Tianjin as a part of this major water diversion project.

Administration The prefecture-level city of Shiyan administers 8 county-level divisions, comprising three districts, one county-level city and four counties: These eight county-level divisions then administer three different types of township-level divisions: 13 subdistricts, 72 towns, and 34 townships. Finally, these township-level divisions then administer two types of village-level divisions: 164 residential communities and 1,807 administrative villages: Maojian District, 茅箭区, Máojiàn Qū; Zhangwan District, 张湾区, Zhāngwān Qū; Yunyang District, 郧阳区, Yúnyáng Qū; Danjiangkou City, 丹江口市, Dānjiāngkǒu Shì; Yunxi County, 郧西县, Yúnxī Xiàn; Zhushan County, 竹山县, Zhúshān Xiàn; Zhuxi County, 竹溪县, Zhúxī Xiàn; Fang County, 房县, Fáng Xiàn.

Demographics As of 2020, Shiyan's permanent population totals approximately 3,209,000 people. Throughout 2014 to 2019, the city's registered hukou population exceeded the permanent population by a few dozen thousand. This disparity likely represents migrants who left Shiyan, working in larger cities with higher wages, a common trend throughout China. During this span, Shiyan's hukou population decreased by approximately 8,100, but the city's permanent population increased by about 25,300.

In 2019, Shiyan saw a birth rate of 11.47‰ (per thousand), and a Death Rate of 7.02‰, giving the city a rate of natural increase of 4.45‰.

Urbanization The main urban area of the prefecture-level city of Shiyan is in Maojian District, which is typically labeled on maps simply as "Shiyan". As of 2019, 56.5% of Shiyan's population lived in urban areas, up from 46.3% in 2010.

Income In 2019, Shiyan's urban households earned an average of 33,577 renminbi (RMB) in disposable income, a 9.1% increase from 2018. Rural households earned a much lower average disposable income of 11,378 RMB, a 10.5% increase from 2018.

Religion Shiyan's city government recognizes 19 religious organizations within the city, which represent 4 religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, and Christianity. Of these organizations, the following 5 serve the entire city: the Shiyan City Buddhist Association (十堰市佛教协会; pinyin: Shíyàn Shì Fójiào Xiéhuì), the Shiyan City Islamic Association (十堰市伊斯兰教协会; pinyin: Shíyàn Shì Yīsīlánjiào Xiéhuì), the Shiyan City Protestant "Three-Self" Patriotic Movement Committee (十堰市基督教"三自"爱国运动委员会; pinyin: Shíyàn Shì Jīdūjiào "Sān Zì" Àiguó Yùndòng Wěiyuánhuì), the Shiyan City Protestant Association (十堰市基督教协会; pinyin: Shíyàn Shì Jīdūjiào Xiéhuì), and the Shiyan City Taoist Association (十堰市道教协会; pinyin: Shíyàn Shì Dàojiào Xiéhuì). The remaining 14 serve regions within the city.

Economy Like China as a whole, Shiyan's economy has experienced rapid substantial growth in the 21st century. The city's gross domestic product (GDP) stood at 201.272 billion renminbi (RMB) in 2019, which is approximately two-thirds larger than the city's GDP just five years earlier. The city's economy consists almost entirely of its secondary and tertiary sectors, which constitute 43.93% and 47.55% of its GDP, respectively. However, as of 2019, 40.2% of Shiyan's population works in the primary sector, whereas just 18.0% works in the secondary sector, and 41.9% work in the tertiary sector.

The city generated 8.119 billion kWh in electricity in 2019, of which, 5.248 kWh was generated in the form of hydropower.

Major heavy industries in Shiyan include cement, which the city producing about 4.13 million tons of in 2019, and steel, which the city produced about 978 thousand tons of in 2019. The production output of both of these industries declined slightly from 2014 to 2019.: , 20 

Shiyan handed 83.15 million tons of freight in 2019, the vast majority of which was transferred by road.

Automotive industry Shiyan is a major centre of the automobile industry in China since being chosen as the site of Dongfeng Motors predecessor Second Auto. In Mao’s industrial plan, the Wudang mountains offered the city protection from possible enemy attacks. Starting in the 1960s, the small town grew to a major city as Dongfeng employed up to 200,000 locals and operated almost all major amenities in the city.

It previously served as the headquarters of Dongfeng Motors, a major Chinese truck, bus, and heavy goods vehicle company. Some news outlets have labeled the city as the "Detroit of China", although the nickname has been applied to other Chinese cities, such as Changchun, Chongqing, and nearby Wuhan.

In recent decades, the automotive industry in Shiyan has shrunk, largely due to increasing production in larger cities with better transit links. "Since Dongfeng relocated its main passenger car plant to Wuhan in 2003", the population of Shiyan has been decreasing. The city's production of tires, for instance, has fallen by 48.10% from 2014 to 2019. Car production in the city rose 6.67% during that time, but this number has been volatile depending on the year. In response to the threat of the industry's decline, Shiyan's government has sought to diversify the city's economy, and provide more space for other industrial facilities.

Dongfeng and its partner Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance are nowadays producing electric vehicles in Shiyan, including the Renault KZE and Dacia Spring.

Culture There are five magazines and seven newspapers in distribution in the city as of 2019.

99.9% of Shiyan's population lives in areas which receive radio and television coverage, and 73.4% of households in Shiyan have a cable television subscription as of 2019.

People from Shiyan traditionally speak in Henan's Nanyang dialect, however due to the large number of migrants, Standard Chinese is commonly spoken.

Education As of 2019, Shiyan's educational institutions are staffed by 29,644 full-time teachers, serving approximately 474,200 students.

The city is home to 8 public libraries, which, as of 2019, possess 1,624,090 books, and have distributed 114,622 library cards.

Healthcare Shiyan has 2,772 health institutions as of 2019, which includes 59 hospitals. These institutions host a total of 30,634 medical beds.

Transport: Rail Shiyan is located on the Xiangyu Railway between Xiangyang and Chongqing. Construction on a railway between Shiyan and Yichang is scheduled to begin construction in 2009. The Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway completed track laying in June 2019 and opened to passengers on 29 November 2019.

Transport: Road • G59 Hohhot–Beihai Expressway • G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway • G7011 Shiyan–Tianshui Expressway • China National Highway 209.

Transport: Air Shiyan Wudangshan Airport (IATA: WDS, ICAO: ZHSY) is the airport serving the city of Shiyan, located 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre and 20 km (12 mi) from Wudangshan, the World Heritage Site after which it is named. A total area of 16400 square meters; a total of one runway with a length of 2600 meters; 7 stops (2 helicopters); and an annual passenger throughput of 1.2 million passengers

Shiyan Wudangshan Airport starts to work in February 2016. Until April 2019, there are total 17 fixed routes, navigating to 26 cities.