Petrolina, Pernambuco, Northeast Region, Brazil

🇧🇷 Petrolina is a municipality located in the southernmost point of the state of Pernambuco, in Northeast Brazil, in the valley of the São Francisco River. The municipality is closely integrated with Juazeiro, Bahia, located on the opposite bank of the São Francisco.

Etymology Formerly called Passagem de Juazeiro ( 'Passage of Juazeiro'), there is no single story explaining the origin of the name Petrolina. One theory is that the name was in tribute of Brazilian emperor Pedro I and his consort Leopoldina, while another asserts that Petrolina was named for a 'beautiful rock' (Pedra linda) found on the banks of the São Francisco.

History The growth of Petrolina and its twin city Juazeiro in the late 20th century is the result of the construction of the Sobradinho Dam and the abundant availability of water for irrigation in these otherwise semi-arid soils. The region is perhaps the only one in the interior of the Northeast that has gained population through in-migration. While the population in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia as a whole increased by 50.1% between 1970 and 1990, it more than doubled in Petrolina-Juazeiro.

For many years the economy of the Valley of the São Francisco was based on extensive cattle ranching and subsistence farming.

Starting in the 1960s with the development policies implemented by the government, the valley soon became the beneficiary of important investments for economic development, translated into the construction of highways, increasing electrical energy, improvement in sanitation systems etc.

Investments made in the agricultural sector with the implantation of the irrigated sections of Bebedouro and Senador Nilo Coelho, in turn brought in the installation of factories connected to the regional agriculture base, especially producers of tomato paste, juices, textiles etc.

Agriculture has grown by leaps and bounds with irrigated farming being the main source of income and jobs in Petrolina. The Petrolina-Juazeiro nucleus has turned into a producer of a wide range of irrigated high-value crops, including table grapes and mangos that are sold fresh by cargo aircraft to Europe and the United States, and other crops for the domestic market, including bananas, coconuts, guavas, passion fruit, melons, industrial tomatoes, watermelons and onions, among others. Due to irrigation, growers in Petrolina-Juazeiro produce 90% of the country's exports of mangos and 30% of table grapes, displacing the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul as the most important exporters of these products.

Geography Petrolina is situated on the left (northern) bank of the São Francisco River, in the interior semi-arid Sertão subregion, at an elevation of 376 m. On the other side of the river sits Juazeiro, in state of Bahia, and together the cities form an integrated metropolitan area. The two cities, making up an urban area of almost 700,000 people, are connected by the President Dutra Bridge. The Sobradinho Dam is located 26 km up river, and creates the Sobradinho Reservoir, the 34th largest reservoir by volume in the world.

The municipality was designated a priority area for conservation and sustainable use when the Caatinga Ecological Corridor was created in 2006.

Geography: Distances • Salvador 512 km (318 mi) • Recife (state capital) 714.4 km (443.9 mi) • Brasília1,550 km (960 mi) • Belo Horizonte 1,663 km (1,033 mi) • Rio de Janeiro 1,927 km (1,197 mi) • São Paulo 2,246 km (1,396 mi)

Poverty and inequality The poverty line in Brazil is defined in federal government programs as R$140 per month. In 2010, 20.9% of the population lived with an income below the poverty line. Despite a large reduction in this proportion since the year 2000, there were still approximately 60,123 people living in poverty. 79.2% of the population was above the poverty line, 12.5% were between the poverty line and "indigence line" of extreme poverty, defined as monthly income under R$70, and 8.3% were below the indigence line. The Gini coefficient was 0.6253 in 2010.

Religion The vast majority of Petrolina is Christian, and in particular, Catholic. According to the 2010 population census, the 73.09% of Petrolina's population identified as Catholic, while 0.69% practiced Spiritism. Evangelicals represent 15.89%, combining all denominations.

About 7.92% declared no religion, including atheists and agnostics. Those who claimed not to have a specific religion or to feel multiple belonging were equivalent to 0.24%.

All other religions were fairly rare: followers of religions of African origin, such as Umbanda and Candomblé, accounted for 0.01% and 0.06% respectively, while 0.01% of the population identified as Buddhist, while no one identified as Muslim or Hindu. Practitioners of esoteric traditions accounted for 0.01% of the population, while only 12 people declared themselves adepts of spiritualism.

The Sacred Heart Cathedral in Petrolina was dedicated in 1929, and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Petrolina, in the ecclesiastical province of Olinda and Recife.

Government The municipality is headed by a mayor (Prefeito/Prefeita), overseen by a city council (Câmara Municipal) that passes laws.

Economy The main economic activities in Petrolina are irrigated agriculture and its related industries. Main crops in tons (2007) • Mangos - 146,000 • Grapes - 112,200 • Guava - 67,760 • Banana - 45,000 • Coconut - 36,400 in thousands; There is also a substantial number of animals as of 2007, as follows: • Goats - 99,500 • Sheep - 57,200 • Cattle- 29,200 • Pigs - 16,200 • Donkeys - 10,400 • Mules - 2,100 • Horses - 1,750.

Education As of 2014, there were 185 elementary schools, and 56 high schools. Petrolina hosts campuses of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco and the University of Pernambuco, as well as private universities.

Health Health indicators are as follows:

HDI (2010) Hospitals (2015) Hospital beds (2015) Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births (2017)

0.697 6 323 15.3

Transport Petrolina is on national highway BR-407, connecting Feira de Santana, near Salvador, and Picos located in the state of Piauí. Juazeiro, across the São Francisco River, is served by the Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica rail line, which is used only for freight. Petrolina Airport serves mainly regional flights (with flights to Recife, São Paulo, and Salvador) and international cargo flights of fresh fruit.